Propagation Effects of Wind and Temperature on Acoustic Ground Contour Levels

Nomenclature k = gas constant (γ*Rair*gc) s r = slowness vector w r = wind vector d w r /dz = wind gradient vector n r = wavefront normal T = temperature x, y, z = Cartesian coordinates with z defined as height or altitude dimension 0,s = subscripts denoting ground and source locations respectively β = linear coefficient for temperature (lapse rate) θ = azimuthal angle φ = elevation angle Ω = ratio of sound speed to effective sound speed χ = critical elevation emission angle ζ = critical azimuthal shadow boundary (reception) angle