Norovirus: Molecular Epidemiology, Viral Culture, Immunity, and Vaccines

Abstract Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading pathogen responsible for acute gastroenteritis cases among people of all ages around the globe. One of the most challenging factors for vaccine development is the large genetic diversity of NoV. In addition, host genetics play a large role in susceptibility to NoV infection and determine the prevalence and disease burden of emergent strains. In this article, we review the most up-to-date information on the aspects that shape the high impact of NoV epidemics, including the genetic diversity of NoV, strain interaction with genetic factors, and global trends in the molecular epidemiology of NoV, as well as the current state of NoV culture and challenges in vaccine development.