Characterization of Zeolites — Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction

A number of spectroscopic techniques are advantageously used to characterize zeolites and/or zeolite-adsorbate systems. The general feature of all of these techniques is the following one. A sample, which is built up from quantum mechanical systems (e. g., electrons, nuclei, atoms, molecules), is exposed to radiation. The quantum mechanical systems absorb (or emit) certain radiation quanta according to certain quantum mechanical transitions. These transitions occur between discrete energy levels which are described by the stationary Schroedinger equation.