Appendix 3 in 53:3

The translation of the verb in Isa. 52:15 is highly disputed, and the rendering has been regarded as both cryptic and corrupt. Also, the role within the parallelism is disputed. The proposals can be grouped into two camps: those who read as a 3ms vb with the servant as its subject and as object; and those who emend it to a 3mpl verb as its subject. The two most usual suggestions are to read the verb as either sprinkle or cause to leap, i.e. startle.Keywords: Isa; verb