Association of sickle cell trait with measures of cognitive function and dementia in African Americans

Abstract Objective The incidence and prevalence of cognitive decline and dementia are significantly higher among African Americans compared with non-Hispanic Whites. The aim of this study was to determine whether inheritance of the sickle cell trait (SCT) i.e. heterozygosity for the sickle cell mutation increases the risk of cognitive decline or dementia Among African Americans. Methods We studied African American participants enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. SCT genotype at baseline and outcome data from cognitive assessments at visits 2, 4 and 5, and an MRI performed at visit 5 were analyzed for the association between SCT and risk of cognitive impairment and/or dementia. Results There was no significant difference in risk factors profile between participants with SCT ( N  = 176) and those without SCT ( N  = 2532). SCT was not independently associated with a higher prevalence of global or domain-specific cognitive impairment at baseline or with more rapid cognitive decline. Participants with SCT had slightly lower incidence of dementia (0.63 [0.38, 1.05]). On the other hand, SCT seems to interact with the apolipoprotein E e4 risk resulting in poor performance on digit symbol substitution test at baseline (z-score = −0.08, P interaction  = 0.05) and over time (z-score = −0.12, P interaction  = 0.04); and with diabetes mellitus leading to a moderately increased risk of dementia (HR = 2.06 [0.89, 4.78]), P interaction  = 0.01. Conclusions SCT was not an independent risk factor for prevalence or incidence of cognitive decline or dementia, although it may interact with and modify other putative risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia.