A health economic analysis of screening and optimal treatment of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the USA

Background. Nephropathy is an indicator of end-organ damage and is a strong predictor of an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death in patients with diabetes. Screening can lead to early identification and treatment, bothofwhichincurcosts.However,identificationandtreatment may slow or prevent progression to a more expensive stage of the disease and thus may save money. We assessed the health economic impact of screening for nephropathy (microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy) followed by optimalrenoprotective-basedantihypertensivetherapyinaUS setting. Methods. A Markov model simulated the lifetime impact of screening with semi-quantitative urine dipsticks in a primary care setting of hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and subsequent treatment with irbesartan 300 mg in patientsidentifiedashavingnephropathy.Progressionfrom no nephropathy to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was simulated. Probabilities, utilities, medication and ESRD treatment costs came from published sources. Clinical outcomes and direct medical costs were projected. Second order Monte Carlo simulation was used to account for uncertainty in multiple parameters. Annual discount rates of 3% were used where appropriate. Results.Screening,followedbyoptimizedtreatment,ledto a 44% reduction in the cumulative incidence of ESRD and improvements in non-discounted life expectancy of 0.25 ± 0.22 years/patient (mean ± SD). Quality-adjusted life expectancy was improved by 0.18 ± 0.15 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)/patient and direct costs increased by $244 ± 3499/patient. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $20 011 per QALY gained for screening and optimized treatment versus no screening. There was a 77% probability that screening and optimized therapy would be