Anesthesia for End-Stage Respiratory Disease

Providing anesthesia in case of end-stage respiratory disease represents a challenge for anesthesiologist as soon as the preoperative visit till the postoperative period. A strict assessment of comorbidity and a preoperative optimization should limit postoperative complications in this frail population. During the preoperative period, regional anesthesia, noninvasive ventilation, and protective ventilation represent the cornerstones of the anesthetic strategy. ECMO and high-flow oxygen are the further perspectives.