Gut microbiota imbalance and chaperoning system malfunction are central to ulcerative colitis pathogenesis and can be counteracted with specifically designed probiotics: a working hypothesis Maurizio BellaviaGiovanni TomaselloMarcello RomeoProvvidenza DamianiAttilio I. Lo Monte • Luciano LozioClaudia CampanellaAntonella Marino GammazzaFrancesca RappaGiovanni Zummo • Massimo CocchiEverly Conway de MacarioAlberto J. L. MacarioFrancesco Cappello

In this work, we propose that for further studies of the physiopathology and treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases, an integral view of the conditions, including the triad of microbiota-heat shock proteins (HSPs)-probiotics, ought to be considered. Microbiota is the complex microbial flora that resides in the gut, affect- ing not only gut functions but also the health status of the whole body. Alteration in the microbiota's composition has been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions (e.g., ulcerative colitis, UC), involving both gut and extra- intestinal tissues and organs. Some of these pathologies are also associated with an altered expression of HSPs (chap- erones) and this is the reason why they may be considered chaperonopathies. Probiotics, which are live microorgan- isms able to restore the correct, healthy equilibrium of microbiota composition, can ameliorate symptoms in patients suffering from UC and modulate expression levels of HSPs. However, currently probiotic therapy follows ex-adiuvantibus criteria, i.e., treatments with beneficial effects but whose mechanism of action is unknown, which should be changed so the probiotics needed in each case are pre- determined on the basis of the patient's microbiota. Con- sequently, efforts are necessary to develop diagnostic tools for elucidating levels and distribution of HSPs and the microbiota composition (microbiota fingerprint) of each subject and, thus, guide specific probiotic therapy, tailored to meet the needs of the patient. Microbiota fingerprinting ought to include molecular biology techniques for