Growth and properties of ferroelectric lithium niobate single crystals

Abstract High quality ferroelectric lithium niobate single crystals have been grown by the Czochralski technique using resistance heating. Crystals were grown along the z-, x-, and (10.4) directions. The sizes of the crystals were 40 to 78 mm in diameter and 70 to 150 mm in length. Various defects in the crystals were analyzed by means of metallography and Lang x-ray diffraction topography. Electrical and optical properties of the crystals were measured.