Metastasis in an Orthotopic Murine Model of Melanoma is Independent of RAS/RAF Mutation

Melanoma is the most lethal skin tumor, in large part because of a propensity for early metastasis. Good models of this most clinically relevant feature of melanoma are lacking. Here we report the development of an in vivo model of metastasis that relies on orthotopic injection of GFP-tagged lines in immunodeficient mice, serial intravital imaging of tumor progression and quantification of distant spread by 2-photon laser scanning microscopy, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis. Using this system, we report an assessment of the in vivo growth and metastatic properties of 11 well-characterized human melanoma cell lines. A subset of lines demonstrated rapid in vivo growth with invasion of host vasculature and distant seeding of viscera in this system. The ability to form metastasis in vivo did not correlate with 3D collagen invasion in vitro. Surprisingly, similar lines in terms of molecular genetic events differed markedly in their propensity to metastasize to distant organs such as brain and lung. In particular, two lines harboring B-RAF mutation and high levels of phosphorylated ERK and AKT (pERK and pAKT) were reproducibly unable to form tumors after orthotopic injection. Likewise, two previously identified RAS/RAF wild-type “epithelial-like” lines that do not have elevated pERK, pAKT or express TWIST1 mRNA still demonstrated a pronounced ability for orthotopic growth and metastatic spread. All the metastatic cell lines in this model showed increased NEDD9 expression, but NEDD9 lentiviral overexpression did not convey a metastatic phenotype on non-metastatic cells. These data suggest that melanoma metastasis is a molecularly heterogeneous process that may not require epidermal-to-mesenchymal transition or ERK activation, although both may facilitate the process.