Dietary Intake Among Opioid- and Alcohol-Using Pregnant Women

ABSTRACTBackground: Substance abuse in nonpregnant adults has been associated with increased intake in calories and decreased intake of nutrient-dense foods; however, studies examining dietary intake in opioid-using and alcohol-using pregnant women are lacking. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate dietary intake in opioid-using pregnant women with or without concurrent light-to-moderate alcohol use as compared to abstaining controls. Methods: This prospective birth cohort included 102 pregnant women classified into four study groups: controls (n = 27), medication-assisted treatment (MAT; n = 26), alcohol (ALC; n = 22), and concurrent use of both substances (MAT + ALC; n = 27). Percentage differences in macro- and micronutrient intake were estimated from the food frequency questionnaire and compared among the study groups. Proportions of participants with intakes below the estimated average requirements (EAR) based on diet and diet with supplements were estimated. Results: Three exposed g...