The Band Structures of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and ZnO Nanoparticles Used for Oil Recovery in Water Flooding System

A major challenge for the oil industry is increasing the oil recovery from reservoirs. Nanofluid injection with the aid of electromagnetic (EM) waves can improve oil recovery. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) were synthesised using a sol-gel method and characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Nanofluids of SWCNT and zinc oxide (ZnO) were used in this oil recovery study. It was observed that curved antennae with magnetic feeders gave a 472% larger D-field signal than those without magnetic feeders. The Dmol3 simulations showed that the band gap of ZnO is 1.088 eV, and the band gap of the SWCNT was 0.326 eV. The particle sizes of the ZnO nanoparticles were in the range of 30-39 nm. FESEM and HRTEM images showed that the samples were highly crystalline, and the grain size increased as the temperature increased. As a result, these nanoparticles were suitable for the preparation of the nanofluid and oil recovery applications. Oil recovery using 0.001% (w/w) ZnO nanofluid and EM was 16.10 % of OOIP, and using 0.01% SWNT nanofluid yielded an oil recovery of 23 ROIP %. These results imply that injecting a ZnO oxide nanofluid of 0.001% w/w coupled with a curved antenna and magnetic feeders has the potential to improve oil recovery in waterflooding systems.