Microbiological Diagnosis of COVID-19

Various tests are used to detect the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) disease Today, the realtime (RT) -PCR test combined with the reverse-transcription reaction is the gold standard method used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 This method is referred to as quantitative realtime PCR (RT-qPCR) because it determines not only the presence of SARS-CoV-2 but also the amount of virus in the specimen Due to the use of virus-specific primers, the specificity of the tests is considered to be 100% For this test, swab samples taken from the upper respiratory tract such as nasopharyngeal and throat, samples from the lower respiratory tract areas such as sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, rectal swab, feces, serum and urine samples are preferred Correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare professionals during sampling and testing is important Rapid antigen tests used in addition to RT-qPCR test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 are advantageous due to the theoretical rapid result time and low cost, but the sensitivity of this method is known to be very low Virus detection in cell cultures can be used to detect SARS-CoV-2, but it is not for routine diagnostic because the results take a long time, require labor, and expertise Serological tests are frequently used in the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease These are mainly ELISA, CLIA, immunofluorescence test (IFA), western blot (WB), protein microarray (microarray) and neutralization ELISA based immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibody tests have more than 95% specificity in the diagnosis of COVID-19 (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Koronavirus hastaligi-19 (COVID-19) hastaligina neden olan siddetli akut solunum yolu enfeksiyonu CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virusunu tespit etmek amaciyla cesitli testler kullanilmaktadir Gunumuzde revers-transkripsiyon tepkimesiyle birlestirilmis Realtime (RT)- polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR) testi SARS-CoV-2'yi teshis etmek icin kullanilan altin standart yontemdir Bu yontem, ornekte sadece SARS-CoV-2'nin varligini degil ayni zamanda virus miktarinida belirledigi icin kantitatif PZR (RT-qPZR) olarak anilmaktadir Viruse ozgul primerlerin kullanilmasi sebebiyle testlerin ozgullugu %100 olarak kabul edilmektedir Bu test icin nazofarengeal ve bogaz gibi ust solunum yollarindan alinan suruntu ornekleri, balgam ve bronkoalveoler lavaj sivisi gibi alt solunum yollarina ait alanlardan alinan ornekler, rektal suruntu, diski, serum ve idrar ornekleri tercih edilmektedir Ornek alma ve test calisilmasi sirasinda kisisel koruyucu ekipmanlarin saglik calisanlari tarafindan dogru kullanimi onemlidir SARS-CoV-2 tanisi icin RT-qPZR testine ilave olarak kullanilan hizli antijen testleri teorik olarak hizli sonuclanma zamani ve dusuk maliyetli olmasindan dolayi avantaj saglar ancak bu yontemin duyarliliginin oldukca dusuk oldugu bilinmektedir Hucre kulturu SARS-CoV-2 tespit etmek amaciyla kullanilabilir ancak sonuclarin uzun zaman almasi, emek gerektirmesi ve uzmanlik isteyen bir yontem olmasi nedeniyle tani amacli ve rutin olarak gerceklestirilmez Serolojk testler bu hastaligin tanisinda ve takibinde siklikla kullanilmaktadir Bunlar esas olarak ELISA, kemiluminesans testi (CLIA), immunofloresan testi (IFA), western blot (WB), protein microarray (mikrodizi) ve notralizasyondur ELISA bazli immunoglobulin (Ig)M ve IgG antikor testlerinin, COVID-19 tanisinda %95'ten fazla ozgulluge sahip oldugu belirtilmektedir SARS-CoV-2 ile enfekte olan hastalarda en erken 7-11 gun sonra antikor cevabi gelistigi icin hastaligin akut tanisinda yararli degildir Virus notralizasyon testleri antikorlarin islevselligini ortaya koymasi nedeniyle diger serolojik testlere gore daha anlamli sonuclar ortaya koymaktadir (Turkish) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Bezmialem Science is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic LTD STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )