Dense monolithic MOF and carbon nanotube hybrid with enhanced volumetric and areal capacities for lithium–sulfur battery

Densely packed metal–organic framework (MOF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid materials with tailored hierarchical porous structure have been prepared by in situ growth and room temperature drying/shrinking. Optimizing the bulk density and porosity by controlling the MOF content leads to simultaneously high areal and volumetric capacities as lithium–sulfur battery electrodes, both of which are critical factors for developing high energy density and compact energy storage devices.