Operando Analyses of Solar Fuels Light Absorbers and Catalysts

Operando synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) in the tender X-ray energy range has been used to obtain information on the energy-band relations of semiconductor and metal-covered semiconductor surfaces while in direct contact with aqueous electrolytes under potentiostatic control. The system that was investigated consists of highly doped Si substrates that were conformally coated with ∼70 nm titania films produced by atomic-layer deposition. The TiO2/electrolyte and the Si/TiO2/Ni electrolyte interfaces were then analyzed by synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. The PES data provided a determination of the flat-band position and identified regions of applied potential in which Fermi level pinning, depletion, or accumulation conditions occurred. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques were additionally used to investigate the properties of heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen-evolution reaction. Operando XAS including the pre-edge, edge and EXAFS regions allowed the development of a detailed picture of the catalysts under operating conditions, and elucidated the changes that in the physical and electronic structure of the catalyst that accompanied increases in the applied potential. Specifically, XAS data, combined with DFT studies, indicated that the activity of the electrocatalyst correlated with the formation of Fe dopant sites in γ-NiOOH.