HIV Skews the Lineage-Defining Transcriptional Profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4(+) T Cells

HIV-infected persons are at greater risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) even before profound CD4 loss occurs, suggesting that HIV alters CD4 + T cell functions capable of containing bacterial replication. An effective immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis most likely relies on the development of a balanced CD4 response, in which distinct CD4 + Th subsets act in synergy to control the infection. To define the diversity of M. tuberculosis– specific CD4 + Th subsets and determine whether HIV infection impacts such responses, the expression of lineage-defining transcription factors T-bet, Gata3, RORγt, and Foxp3 was measured in M. tuberculosis –specific CD4 + T cells in HIV-uninfected ( n = 20) and HIV-infected individuals ( n = 20) with latent TB infection. Our results show that, upon 5-d restimulation in vitro, M. tuberculosis –specific CD4 + T cells from healthy individuals have the ability to exhibit a broad spectrum of Th subsets, defined by specific patterns of transcription factor coexpression. These transcription factor profiles were skewed in HIV-infected individuals where the proportion of T-bet high Foxp3 + M. tuberculosis –specific CD4 + T cells was significantly decreased ( p = 0.002) compared with HIV-uninfected individuals, a change that correlated inversely with HIV viral load ( p = 0.0007) and plasma TNF-α ( p = 0.027). Our data demonstrate an important balance in Th subset diversity defined by lineage-defining transcription factor coexpression profiles that is disrupted by HIV infection and suggest a role for HIV in impairing TB immunity by altering the equilibrium of M. tuberculosis –specific CD4 + Th subsets.