3D printing of polymer optics

Additive manufacturing based on multiphoton polymerization [1] has set new standards for three-dimensional (3D) microfabrication [2]. Due to its sub-micrometer spatial resolution, the technique provides the surface smoothness and shape accuracy required for high-quality optical elements. Almost arbitrary shapes can be created from 3D digital models. Technological improvements have sped up our 3D printers by more than a factor 100 while preserving its accuracy and resolution [3]. High precision scan optics in combination with material research allow for fast and precise solidification of photopolymers and simultaneously secure mechanical stability, structural conformity and optically smooth surfaces. Sophisticated embedded writing strategies additionally made the fabrication time drop to a fraction allowing for the fabrication of micro-photonic components with tailored shapes in millimeter to centimeter size.