Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors: Current and Future Approaches

Abstract Endocrine disruption has been a prominent area of research in the environmental sciences for the past three decades. In response to public concern, numerous regulatory programs and testing strategies have been developed around the world to identify potential endocrine disruptors, to assess their impact on wildlife and humans, and to regulate them either through hazard or risk assessment. The primary focus of endocrine disruption research has been on estrogen, androgen, thyroid, and steroidogenesis modalities. While there are ongoing efforts to develop and validate traditional assessment approaches, new approach methodologies has accelerated chemical testing for endocrine activity.