Estimating collision–coalescence rates from in situ observations of marine stratocumulus

Precipitation forms in warm clouds via collision-coalescence. This process is difficult to directly observe in situ and its implementation in numerical models is uncertain. We use aircraft observations of the drop size distribution (DSD) near marine stratocumulus tops to estimate collision-coalescence rates. Marine stratocumulus are a useful system to study collisional growth because it is initiated near cloud top, and these clouds evolve slowly enough to obtain statistically useful data from aircraft. We compare rate constants estimated from observations to reference rate constants derived from a collision-coalescence box model, the result of which is termed the enhancement factor (EF). We evaluate two hydrodynamic collision-coalescence kernels, one quiescent and one including the effects of small-scale turbulence. Due to sampling volume limitations, DSDs must be averaged over length scales much greater than those relevant to the underlying physics such that we also examine the role of averaging length scale with respect to process representation. Averaging length scales of 1.5 and 30 km are used, roughly corresponding to the horizontal grid lengths of cloud resolving models and high-resolution climate models, respectively. EF values range from 0.1 to 40, with the greatest EFs associated with small mode diameter cases and a generally decreasing trend with drop size. For any given drop size or averaging length scale, there is about an order of magnitude variability in EFs. These results suggest spatial variability on length scales smaller than 1.5 km prevents accurate retrieval of rate constants from large-scale average DSDs. Large-scale models must therefore account for small-scale variability to accurately represent cloud microphysical processes. The turbulent kernel reduces EFs for all drop sizes, but can only account for at most half of the calculated EFs in marine stratocumulus.