Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax in a patient with pulmonary rheumatoid nodules, secondary infected by Aspergillus

This case report describes a 50-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in whom nodular opacities were found on chest X-ray. She developed a bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax treated with surgical pleurodesis. Cultures remained negative. Histological examination of specimens confirmed the clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid granulomata. Therefore, corticosteroid therapy was started, after which the nodules decreased slightly in size and inflammatory parameters normalized. Three months later, she presented with respiratory insufficiency based on pulmonary fungus infection. Differential diagnosis between rheumatoid nodules and granulomas caused by Aspergillus is difficult in RA patients with pulmonary nodular lesions; in this case, both complications appeared subsequently.