Metal-free, nitrogen-doped graphene used as a novel catalyst for dye-sensitized solar cell counter electrodes

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NGR) was incorporated as a catalyst and used as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The NGR electrodes showed a number of advantages over other electrodes that consisted solely of graphene or Pt films, including high charge transfer rates, low resistance to diffusion, and low internal resistance.