Induction of apoptosis associated with chromosomal DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation in leukemia L1210 cells by TiO2 nanoparticles.

We investigated the effects of nanosized TiO 2 particles on the death of mouse leukemia L1210 cells. TiO 2 particles suppressed proliferation and induced cell death, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture medium. Chromatin condensation, which is typical of the initiation of cell death, was observed in approximately 14% cells cultured with titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) particles for 12 h. Furthermore, giant DNA fragments of approximately 2 Mbp and high-molecular-weight DNA fragments between 100 kbp and 1 Mbp were observed in cells cultured for 18 h with TiO 2 particles. These giant and high-molecular-weight DNA fragments were further degraded into smaller DNA fragments, appearing as DNA ladders. Corresponding to the generation of DNA fragments, caspase-3 activity increased in cells treated with TiO 2 particles. TiO 2 particle-induced LDH release was not inhibited by cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of endocytosis. These results suggest that nanosized TiO 2 particles can induce apoptosis associated with DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation and that TiO 2 particle-induced apoptosis is not caused by endocytosis but is associated with contact of the particles with the cell surface.