Modeling of machining processes

Abstract Manufacturing is as old as the human race. Modeling and simulation of machining operations are mainly based on the development of the natural sciences. Within the last 40 years, there have been dramatic improvements of both: the scientific foundations of models and simulation techniques on the one hand and a strong industrial application on the other. The main focus of this paper is a critical assessment of the relevant single modeling methods, as well as providing some roadmaps for further directions toward the closed-loop modeling. Limitations are discussed and challenges for the future are highlighted.