Systematics of Campanula L. subgenus Scapiflorae (BOISS.) OGAN. and its ecogeographical differentiation in the mountains of Eurasia

Synopsis of Campanula subg. Scapiflorae and maps of the areas of its species are given. The area of the group consists of 3 parts with large disjunctions: European (1 species), Caucasian and North-West Asian (16 species) and East Siberian - Far Eastern (3 species). In Caucasian and North-West Asian part 3 centers of development stand out: Central Caucasus, Northern Colchis and Armenian Highlands. The subgenus is represented by petrophytes growing almost exclusively in the alpine, subalpine and middle mountain belts in humid mountains and in accordance with boreal moisture regime. Hypothetical ancestor of the group is supposed to be a medium mountain belt petrophyte and evergreen mesophyte growing in a humid steady climate, in sunny shadeless places. The evolution was developing towards acquiring cryo- morphic adaptations, and, in a number of cases, week xeromorphic ones. The subgenus must have been formed by the beginning of the possible migrations around the 3 parts of its area, i. e. by the beginning of Pliocene. The most possible primary center of the group is Armenian Highlands and the Great Caucasus.