Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava: incidence, characteristics, and risk factors and clinical efficacy of TACE.

Female sex was the only significant factor associated with the development of membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava–associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); a single nodular tumor with a peripheral location had a higher probability for the diagnosis of HCC, and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization resulted in an effective treatment response and provided longer survival.