Reliability evaluation of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles applications from the thermal perspectives

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are the most capable technologies replacing the internal combustion engine in the transport system over the past few decades [ 1 ]. The battery is a source of energy that combines two or more cells where electrochemical reactions occur to provide power to the EVs. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are one of the most significant power sources because of their advantages, including high-energy storage density, long-cyclic life span, and low self-discharge [ 2 , 3 ]. However, Li-ion batteries due to chemical reactions and ohmic resistance in the process of charge/discharge generate a considerable amount of heat that may cause problems such as overheating, swelling, and even explosion [ 4 , 5 ]. Therefore, designing an efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) has become a significant challenge in EVs to control and remove the generated heat by the cells from the reliability evaluation of the Li-ion batteries' points of view. The main properties of any BTMS comprise low manufacturing cost, simple layout requirements, high reliability, small in size and rigid, inexpensive, low weight, and no harmful gas emission [ 6 ]. Many cooling systems are applied in EVs using different active and passive cooling technologies. Active cooling systems, including forced air cooling and liquid cooling, need an external source of energy [ 7 ].