The Future of the Scandinavian Welfare Model: User Choice, Parallel Governance Systems, and Active Citizenship

In this concluding chapter, we summarise and discuss the main differences between Denmark, Norway and Sweden regarding public regulation and composition of welfare service providers. We also look at the impact of these factors on active citizenship—here defined as choice, empowerment and participation. Finally, we consider welfare policy options regarding user choice and parallel governance systems linked to scenarios of the future.