Confocal imaging by turning antennas with CMOS integrated circuits for breast cancer detection

Confocal imaging for breast cancer detection by turning an antenna array with CMOS integrated circuits is presented. The detection system consists of 65 nm technology CMOS integrated circuits such as a Gaussian monocycle pulse (GMP) generation circuits, antenna array switching (SW) matrix circuits, equivalent-time sampling circuits, and a 4×4 flat antenna array. By turning the array antennas, reference signals can be obtained to extract the tumor response from the received signals. An alignment method is employed to compensate the phase shift caused by the jitter of the system. Using the detection system and turning antenna method, successful detection of a 1-cm tumor target is demonstrated.