Characterization of Copper-Inducible Promoters Regulated by CpxA/CpxR in Escherichia coli

The copper stimulon in Escherichia coli consists of four regulons, the CueR-, CusS/CusR-, CpxA/CpxR-, and YedV/YedW regulons. E. coli mutants defective in cpxRA showed higher sensitivity to copper than the wild type. A total of 15 promoters were found to be induced in E. coli culture upon exposure to copper in a CpxA/CpxR-dependent manner. After gel-shift and DNase I foot-printing analyses, a conserved tandem repeat of pentanucleotide sequence, GTAAA(N)4–8GTAAA, with a conserved A of 4-bp upstream of each pentamer, was identified to be the CpxR-binding site. The difference in the orientation and location of the CpxR box is discussed with respect to the regulation mechanism among CpxR-regulon genes.