DETERMINING GASEOUS EMISSION FACTORS AND DRIVER'S PARTICLE EXPOSURES DURING TRAFFIC CONGESTION BY VEHICLE-FOLLOWING MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

Abstract Vehicle gaseous emissions (NO, CO, CO2, and hydrocarbon [HC]) and driver’s particle exposures (particulate matter <1 μm [PM1], <2.5 μm [PM2.5], and<10 μm [PM10]) were measured using a mobile laboratory to follow a wide variety of vehicles during very heavy traffic congestion in Macao, Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China, an urban area having one of the highest population densities in the world. The measurements were taken with high time resolution so that fluctuations in the emissions can be seen readily during vehicle acceleration, cruising, deceleration, and idling. The tests were conducted in close proximity to the vehicles, with the inlet of a five-gas analyzer mounted on the front bumper of the mobile laboratory, and the distance between the vehicles was usually within several meters. To measure the driver’s particle exposures, the inlets of the particle analyzers were mounted at the height of the driver’s breathing position in the mobile laboratory, with the driver’s w...