Platinum Group Metals and Compounds

The article contains sections titled: 1. History 2. Properties 3. Occurrence 3.1. Abundance 3.2. Ores and Their Origin 3.3. Primary Deposits 3.4. Secondary Deposits 3.5. Recovery of Secondary Platinum Group Metals 3.6. Reserves and Resources 4. Mineral Dressing and Beneficiation 4.1. Treatment of Alluvial Platinum Deposits 4.2. Treatment of Primary Deposits 4.3. Treatment of Nickel Ores 4.4. Treatment of Metal Scrap 4.5. Treatment of Dross 4.6. Treatment of Supported Catalysts 4.7. Treatment of Solutions 5. Dissolution Methods 5.1. Dissolution in Aqua Regia 5.2. Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid–Chlorine 5.3. Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid–Bromine 5.4. Other Dissolution Processes 5.5. Dissolution by Salt Fusion 6. Separation of Platinum Group Metals 6.1. Chemistry of Platinum Group Metal Separation 6.2. Older Separation Processes 6.3. Current Separation Processes 6.4. Processes Used in Coarse Separation 6.5. Purification 6.6. Conversion of Salts into Metals 6.7. Partial Purification 6.8. Treatment of Internally Recycled Material 6.9. Construction Materials 7. Platinum Group Metal Compounds 7.1. Inorganic Compounds 7.1.1. Platinum Compounds 7.1.2. Palladium Compounds 7.1.3. Rhodium Compounds 7.1.4. Iridium Compounds 7.1.5. Ruthenium Compounds 7.1.6. Osmium Compounds 7.2. Organic Compounds 8. Alloys 8.1. Alloy Systems 8.2. Special Alloys 8.3. Methods of Treatment 9. Quality Specifications and Analysis 9.1. Quality Specifications 9.2. Qualitative Analysis 9.3. Quantitative Analysis 9.4. Purity Analysis 9.5. Trace Analysis 10. Uses 10.1. Jewelry, Coinage, Investment 10.2. Apparatus 10.3. Heterogeneous Catalysts 10.4. Fuel Cells 10.5. Homogeneous Catalysts 10.6. Automotive Emission Control Catalysts 10.7. Sensors 10.8. Electrical Technology 10.9. Electronics 10.10. Coatings 10.10.1. Coatings Produced by Electrolysis 10.10.2. Coatings Produced by Chemical Reaction 10.10.3. Coatings Produced by Physical Methods 10.11. Dental Materials 11. Economic Aspects 11.1. Supply 11.2. Demand 11.3. Prices 11.4. Commercial Aspects 12. Toxicology