Improving spring-mass parameter estimation in running using nonlinear regression methods.

Runners are commonly modeled as spring-mass systems, but the traditional calculations of these models rely on discrete observations during the gait cycle (e.g., maximal vertical force) and simplifying assumptions (e.g., leg length), challenging the predicative capacity and generalizability of observations. We present a method to model runners as spring-mass systems using nonlinear regression (NLR) and the full vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) time series without additional inputs and fewer traditional parameter assumptions. We derived and validated a time-dependent vGRF function characterized by four spring-mass parameters-stiffness, touchdown angle, leg length, and contact time-using a sinusoidal approximation. Next, we compared the NLR-estimated spring-mass parameters to traditional calculations in runners. The mixed-effect NLR method (ME NLR) modeled the observed vGRF best (RMSE:155 N) compared to a conventional sinusoid approximation (RMSE: 230 N). Against the conventional methods, its estimations provided similar stiffness approximations (-0.2±0.6 kN/m) with moderately steeper angles (1.2±0.7°), longer legs (+4.2±2.3 cm), and shorter effective contact times (-12±4 ms). Together, these vGRF-driven system parameters more closely approximated the observed vertical impulses (observed: 214.8 N-s; ME NLR: 209.0 N-s; traditional: 223.6 N-s). Finally, we generated spring-mass simulations from traditional and ME NLR parameter estimates to assess the predicative capacities of each method to model stable running systems. In 6/7 subjects, ME NLR parameters generated models that ran with equal or greater stability than traditional estimates. ME NLR modeling of the vGRF in running is therefore a useful tool to assess runners holistically as spring-mass systems with fewer measurement sources or anthropometric assumptions. Furthermore, its utility as statistical framework lends itself to more complex mixed-effects modeling to explore research questions in running.