Bis-neonicotinoid insecticides: observed and predicted binding interactions with the nicotinic receptor.

Abstract The bis-pharmacophore approach applied to neonicotinoid insecticides reveals high binding affinity for heptamethylene bis- N 3 , N 3′ -imidacloprid fitting a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor model wherein the chloropyridine moieties contact loops E and F and the alkylene linker bridges these two distant domains.