Strain-Based Assessment and Modeling for Low-Distortion Welding Procedure

In this article, the effect of gas metal arc welding (GMAW), pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P), and cold metal transfer (CMT) welding processes on angular distortion is investigated along with strain relaxation by removing weld deposits. Moreover, in order to investigate the behavior of the joint in terms of angular distortion, stress stretching (i.e., pressure model) is applied on welds via finite element analysis simulation to compensate weld shrinkage. In addition, a conceptual welding procedure using two different welding processes (i.e., deep-heat model) for filling the joint and strain relaxation of the weld, respectively, is investigated by a modeling approach. The joint type studied in all cases is a double-fillet welded Tee-joint.