Development and Applications of a Four-Volt Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer

We have recently created a 4 V rms cryocooled JAWS (Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer) using 204,960 nearly identical Josephson junctions (JJs) that are embedded in coplanar-wave guides. The JJs are pulse-biased at repetition rates up to 16×109 pulses per second to create quantum-accurate, calculable AC waveforms at frequencies from DC to greater than 1 MHz. This system has metrological applications including in precision ac voltage calibrations, comparisons of arbitrary impedances, and ac power measurements.