Clasificación multivariada de unidades lecheras del sector cooperativo en el municipio Ciego de Ávila, Cuba

espanolCon el objetivo de clasificar las unidades productoras de leche en el Municipio Ciego de Avila, provincia de Ciego de Avila, Cuba, se estudiaron 107 unidades lecheras. La informacion se tomo de los registros productivos y de encuestas realizadas. Se combinaronlosmetodos Componentes Principales y Conglomeradospara determinar las variables de mayor variabilidad, asi como el agrupamiento de las unidades lecheras. La mayor variabilidad se encontro en: nacimientos totales, produccion de leche anual, vacas totales, mortalidad, numero de potreros, porcentaje de pastos mejorados y area forrajera. Se obtuvieron 5 componentes principales que explicaron el 74.4 % de la varianza y las unidades lecheras se clasificaron en 4 grupos. El grupo I se caracterizo por presentar unidades con menores recursos (19 vacas totales) y produccion de leche anual (9000 litros). Los grupos III y IV tuvieron mayor produccion por hectarea (500 L). Las unidades del grupo IV se caracterizaron por presentar mayor nivel tecnologico, conmayores areas depastos mejorados, forrajes y mayor numero de potreros que los grupos dondepredominan los pastos naturales y escasas area de forrajes, con menor numero de potreros, pues se requiere la implementacion de estrategias de mejora tecnologica.En general, la produccion de leche estuvo mas determinada por la cantidad de vacasy areas,que por la introduccion y utilizacion eficiente de tecnologias. EnglishWith theaimof classifying the dairy units located in Ciego deAvila, Municipality, 107 dairysystems were studied. The information was taken from production registers and surveys carried out. A multivariable analysis of the main components was applied to the quantitative variables, determining the variables of higher variability as well as the groups of the dairy systems. The highest variability was found in: total calving, yearly milk production, total animals, mortality rate, number of paddocks, percentage of improved grasses and forages. Fivemain components were obtained that explained 74.4% ofthe variations. Fourgroups of dairyunits were formed. Group I was characterized for presenting units with the smallest resources and yearly milk production. Groups III and IV had the best production for hectare (500 L). The units of group IV were characterized for presenting the best technological level, with better areas of improved grasses, forages and with better paddocks grazing areas,obtain better productive results than those of natural grasses and those that presented shortage of foraging areas, with few pasture divisions for feeding, in which the implementation of strategies of technological improvement is required.In general, milk production was determined more by the number of cows and areas than by the introduction and efficient use of technologies.