Mitophagy in sarcopenic muscle and practical recommendations for exercise training

Abstract As we grow older, we are subjected to a decline in muscle mass and strength and global alteration in cell metabolism, leading to poor physical performance. In this chapter, the modulation of mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle organelle turnover during aging, especially mitochondria, is detailed. In the last decade, studies focused on the pivotal role of several actors involved in mitophagy (i.e., the degradation of mitochondria through autophagy) such as the energy sensor AMPK, FOXO transcription factors, and the E3 ubiquitin ligases Parkin, Mul1, and Mdm2. Importantly, studies performed in sports sciences have well recognized the central role of exercise to limit alterations of mitochondrial quality control during aging. Thus, the critical role of chronic exercise in the prevention and limitation of age-related disorders is also discussed. A better understanding of the specific functions of these pathways and the effectiveness of exercise is critical to fight detrimental muscle changes that occur with aging. Finally, perspectives are provided to encourage further exploration of this topic.