Linking PM2.5 organic constituents, relative toxicity and health effects in Puerto Rico

Abstract This research investigates ambient air samples, the chemical compositions, and the potential toxicity of inhalable particulate matter PM2.5 from the municipalities on the South, North, and East coast of Puerto Rico. Ambient air samples from Guayama, Ponce, Guayanilla, Bayamon and Humacao were studied, during the year 2013. The various sources of PM2.5 affecting the air quality of Puerto Rico come from industrial activities, wildfire, anthropogenic inputs, and African dust storms, and volcanic eruptions. Data shows organic compounds, including n-alkanes, esters, phthalates, siloxanes, and others. A large number of organic compounds with irritating properties and potential toxic risks were identified. The plasticizers were the most crucial group due to their known adverse health effects. This research identified DEHP and DBP as the most abundant phthalates in PM2.5 extracts. In vitro testing to assess PM2.5 toxicity was performed on BEAS-2B human lung epithelial cells. The evidence of variable and relative abundance of organic compounds in ambient PM2.5 identified Guayama as the most concerned site. The most significant difference between the sites studied was having one of the highest relative toxicity due to its organic constituents.