E2-mediated cathepsin D (CTSD) activation involves looping of distal enhancer elements

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) is a ligand dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of target genes through interacting with cis-acting estrogen response elements (EREs). However, only a minority of ERa binding sites are located within the proximal pro- moter regions of responsive genes. Here we report the characterization of an ERE located 9 kbp upstream of the TSS of the cathepsin D gene (CTSD) that up-regulates CTSD expres- sion upon estrogen stimulation in MCF-7 cells. Using ChIP, we show recruitment of ERa and phosphorylated PolII at the CTSD distal enhancer region. Moreover, we determine the kinetics of transient CpG methylation on the promoter region of CTSD and for the first time, at a distal enhancer element. We show that ERa is crucial for long-distance regulation of CTSD expression involving a looping mechanism. a 2008 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.