Forages and Pastures: Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops—Establishment and Maintenance

The major components of establishing and maintaining perennial pasture and forage crops are covered in this article, including establishment, irrigation, fertilizer application and nutrient recycling, and mechanical removal of unwanted herbage. Methods of establishing pastures including direct drilling, the effect of seeding rate on early production, tillering and competition, and the different responses of tropical and temperate species and that of grasses and legumes are discussed. There are detailed sections on nitrogen fertilizers and their effect on growth, quality, and management, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and magnesium fertilizers, and nutrient management as it affects recycling. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate removal of nutrients in hay, silage, and animal products. Pre- and postgrazing management including ways of managing unwanted pasture growth is discussed here. There is a detailed section on irrigation management including matching application to soil structure and species, frequency of irrigation, irrigation equipment, and methods of assessing soil moisture status and their relative benefits and costs. There is also a section on establishing and managing pure and mixed lucerne (alfalfa) swards.