Is chloroquine making a comeback

Malaria remains one of the leading causes of disease and death in the tropics, mainly of children under 5 years of age. Chloroquine began as a first-line antimalarial in 1946; it became the corner stone of antimalarial chemotherapy for the next 40 years. It is one of the least expensive antimalarials available and is still in widespread use. Chloroquine can be taken both as prophylactic and as a treatment. For decades, chloroquine was a remarkably effective, safe, and inexpensive antimalarial. Optimism about effectiveness of chloroquine led public health professionals to predict the eradication of malaria by 2000. Despite much research during the last 40 years, the exact mechanism by which the chloroquine kills the malaria parasite remains controversial. Biochemical analyses suggest that this class of compounds enter acidic vacuoles of host cells, where they inhibit the growth of parasites by forming a complex with haematin. Unfortunately, Plasmodium falciparum gradually became resistant to chloroquine. After first appearing in Southeast Asia and South America in the late 1950s, resistance spread throughout Africa by the 1980s. Resistance to chloroquine was slow to develop, taking almost 20 years, despite extensive use of the drug, suggesting that mutations in several genes were required to produce the resistance phenotype. The mechanism of chloroquine resistance also is uncertain. Similar to the artemisinin derivatives, prospects for long-term chloroquine efficacy will be enhanced if it can be used in combination, such as chloroquine-azithromycin. With the right dosage and combination, the prospects for a chloroquine comeback are good. Key words: Malaria, chloroquine, resistance, Plasmodium. INTRODUCTION Malaria is caused by infection with a single-cell parasite, Plasmodium . Four Plasmodium spp. cause malaria in human beings: Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae. P. falciparum is the most important because it accounts for the majority of infections and causes the most severe symptoms. Malaria remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the tropics. According to the World Malaria Report (2011), there were 106 malaria-endemic countries in 2010. There were 216 million cases of malaria in 2010; 81% of these were in the World Health Organization (WHO) African region. An estimated 3.3 billion people were at risk of malaria. An estimated