Improved dynamics model for human standing posture control using functional neuromuscular stimulation

Many studies on the use of functional neuromuscular stimulation for stabilizing the standing posture of paraplegic patients are conducted in computer simulations to minimize possible risks. Here, a five degrees of freedom skeletal-musculotendon muscle activation model of human body dynamics is formulated for the purpose of control effectiveness evaluation. By including the effect of arm rotation about the shoulder plus foot tipping about toe or heel in dynamics models, a more realistic response prediction capability can be achieved compared with previous models. A closed loop control simulation example is presented to demonstrate the significance of adding these features to the human body dynamics model.