Optimization of complex conditions by response surface methodology for APAM–oil/water emulsion removal from aqua solutions using nano-sized TiO2/Al2O3 PVDF ultrafiltration membrane

Abstract This paper studies the cumulative effect of various parameters, namely anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) concentration, oil concentration, pH, trans-membrane pressure (TMP), and total dissolved solid (TDS), and obtains optimal parameters for the minimum relative flux ( J / J 0 ) declining in aqueous solutions with response surface methodology (RSM). In order to analyze the mutual interaction and optimal values of parameters affecting ultrafiltration, a central composite rotatable design (CCRD), one method of RSM, was employed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the cubic polynomial model demonstrated that this model was highly significant and reliable. The results show that the effect of APAM and oil on J / J 0 has an inverse trend with pH value increasing. Moreover, the mutual interaction of initial APAM (oil) concentration ( C APAM(oil) ) and pH (TMP) were negligible, while the mutual interaction of C APAM and C oil has an obvious effect, i.e. the effect of initial feed C APAM became more important at higher values of initial feed C oil , and the J / J 0 was only about 4%. The favorable operate conditions in this ultrafiltration process were at low C APAM , C oil , pH, and TMP, which agreed with the conclusions of many authors, while considering water production, C APAM and C oil