A safety and feasibility report of combined direct thrombin and GP IIB/IIIA inhibition with bivalirudin and tirofiban in peripheral vascular disease intervention : Treating critical limb ischemia like acute coronary syndrome

Background. The combination of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibition and direct thrombin inhibition (DTI) with bivalirudin (Angiomax, The Medicines Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts) have shown ischemic and hemorrhagic outcomes benefit in coronary interventions and may have similar benefits in percutaneous peripheral interventions (PPI). The high incidence of diabetes, chronic renal disease, platelet dysfunction, hypercoagulability, inflammation and a thrombus-rich environment make a GP IIb/IIIa and DTI combination with tirofiban (Aggrastat,® Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey) an attractive anticoagulation strategy in the PPI treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI). Methods. Between May 1, 2001 and January 31, 2003, a CLI treatment group of 149 patients received PPI with bivalirudin (0.75 mg/kg bolus with 1.75 mg/kg/hour periprocedural infusion) and tirofiban (10 mcg/kg/minute bolus with 12-hour 0.1 mcg/kg/minute infusion) as an anticoagulation and antiplatelet strategy, and were compared to a matched unfractionated heparin (UFH) control group without GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Clinical and hemostasis outcomes were analyzed, including distal embolization (DE). Results. Procedural success was 95.9% and 97.3% in the UFH control group and DTI-GP IIb/IIIa group, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the sheath removal time < 2 hours (60.5% UFH group versus 19.4% DTI-GP IIb/IIIa group; p = < 0.0001). Vascular closure devices were used equally in both groups. No statistical significance was observed in major and minor complications, femoral access complications, acute (< 48 hours) or subacute (30 days) vessel thrombosis, and 6-month duplex ultrasound restenosis rate between the DTI-GP IIb/IIIa versus the UFH group. A trend towards statistical significance was observed in the 6-month secondary re-intervention and limb salvage rates (10.7% versus 18.8%, p = 0.0501 and 93.9% versus 88.5%, p = 0.053) in the DTI-GP IIb/IIIa versus the UFH group, respectively. Angiographically relevant DE occurred in 4/149 (1.3%) and 8/149 (5.4%) of the bivalirudin/tirofiban and UFH groups, respectively. Conclusion. The combination of DTI with bivalirudin and GP IIb/IIIa inhibition with tirofiban is a safe and feasible alternative anticoagulation and antiplatelet strategy in PPI, and may offer improved clinical and hemostasis outcomes in treating CLI. A larger, prospective randomized trial is warranted.