Sodium hypochlorite in water treatment: Toxicity-induced oxidative stress in male albino rats

Chlorination is a common method used in domestic water treatment. However, there are concerns about its safety. This study investigated the probable toxicological effects associated with prolonged oral administration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), a domestic water disinfectant. Thirty-two male albino rats (180-220g) were evenly segregated into four groups of eight rats each. Group 1 (control) were orally administered 100 µl physiological saline, Group 2-4 were orally administered 50 µl, 100 µl and 150 µl/kg body weight of 1.0% NaOCl respectively bi-daily for 12 weeks. This was followed by the assay for indices of oxidative stress, as well as hepatic and renal dysfunctions. The results showed significant (p<0.05) dose dependent elevations in activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase, and level of lipid peroxidation. Plasma activities of aspartate and alanine transaminases as well as urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased (p<0.05) suggesting liver and kidney compromise. The present study suggests that the use of NaOCl in treating water domestically may present with subtle deleterious biochemical effects.