Clozapine, but not haloperidol, enhances glial d-serine and L-glutamate release in rat frontal cortex and primary cultured astrocytes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Deficient transmission at the glutamate NMDA receptor is considered a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, the effects of antipsychotic drugs on the release of the endogenous NMDA receptor partial agonist, d-serine, remain to be clarified. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We determined the interaction between antipsychotic drugs (clozapine and haloperidol) and transmission-modulating toxins (tetanus toxin, fluorocitrate, tetrodotoxin) on the release of L-glutamate and d-serine in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of freely moving rats, using microdialysis, and primary cultures of astrocytes using extreme high-pressure liquid chromatography. KEY RESULTS Release of L-glutamate and d-serine in the mPFC and in cultured astrocytes was inhibited by tetanus toxin (a synaptobrevin inhibitor) and fluorocitrate (a glial toxin), whereas tetrodotoxin (a voltage-sensitive Na+ blocker) inhibited depolarization-induced L-glutamate release in the mPFC without affecting that of d-serine. Clozapine (1 and 5 mg·kg−1), but not haloperidol (0.5 and 1 mg·kg−1), dose-dependently increased L-glutamate and d-serine release from both astrocytes and mPFC. Clozapine-induced release of L-glutamate and d-serine was also reduced by tetanus toxin and fluorocitrate. Tetrodotoxin reduced clozapine-induced mPFC L-glutamate release but not that of d-serine. Clozapine-induced L-glutamate release preceded clozapine-induced d-serine release. MK-801 (a NMDA receptor antagonist) inhibited the delayed clozapine-induced L-glutamate release without affecting that of d-serine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Clozapine predominantly activated glial exocytosis of d-serine, and this clozapine-induced d-serine release subsequently enhances neuronal L-glutamate release via NMDA receptor activation. The enhanced d-serine associated glial transmission seems a novel mechanism of action of clozapine but not haloperidol.