Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), one of the most common sleep abnormalities, is associated with many motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Its causes are multifactorial, and it is first necessary to identify and treat any possible factors causing EDS. Recent studies show that some non-pharmacologic (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy, light therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) and pharmacologic (i.e., modafinil, methylphenidate, caffeine, istradefylline, sodium oxybate, atomoxetine) treatments may be effective in treating EDS in PD. Further investigations are required to determine the safety and efficacy of potential therapies and to develop novel treatment approaches for EDS in PD.