Predicting indoor electromagnetic field strengths from mobile phone base stations using 3D geospatial modelling

Background Radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from mobile phone base stations can be reliably modelled for outdoor locations, using 3D radio wave propagation models that take antenna characteristics and building geometry into account. For exposure assessment in epidemiological studies, however, it is especially important to be able to reliably assess indoor exposure levels, since both adults and children spend most of their time indoors. Methods We performed 263 indoor RF-EMF 15-minute spot measurements in 101 primary schools, and in 30 private homes in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In each location, information was collected on factors that can affect exposure to RF-EMF, namely the wall material, glazing and window frame materials. We modelled RF-EMF at the indoor measurement locations with the 3D radio wave propagation model NISMap, and compared the model predictions with the measured values to evaluate model performance. In addition, we explored if building characteristics modified the assoc...