The electrochemical sensor based on graphene oxide nanosheets decorated by gold nanoparticles and polythiophene for nicotine sensing in biological samples and cigarette

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with graphene oxide (GO), Au nanoparticle, and polythiophene (PT) nanocomposites that were decorated by Au nanoparticles, (GO-4-ATP-Au-PT/Au) was prepared. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) revealed an accurate peak current at the potential of + 0.81 V versus Ag/AgCl. Under optimized experimental conditions, there is a linear relationship between peak current and nicotine concentration in the range from 1.00 × 10–6 to 3.00 × 10–5 mol L−1, and the detection limit is 1.7 × 10–7 mol mL−1. The GO-4-ATP-Au-PT/Au GCE was successfully used for the analysis of nicotine in cigarettes, serum blood, and urine samples and presented recoveries between 96.0 and 100.6%.