Effect of variable carbon emission in a multi-objective transportation-p-facility location problem under neutrosophic environment

Abstract Several industries locate a pre-assigned number of facilities in order to determine a transportation way for optimizing the objective functions simultaneously. The multi-objective transportation- p -facility location problem is an optimization based model to integrate the facility location problem and the transportation problem under the multi-objective environment. This study delineates the stated formulation in which we need to seek the locations of p -facilities in the Euclidean plane, and the amounts of transported products so that the total transportation cost, transportation time, and carbon emission cost from existing sites to p -facilities will be minimized. In fact, variable carbon emission under carbon tax, cap and trade regulation is considered due to the locations of p -facilities and the amounts of transported flow. Thereafter, a hybrid approach is improved based on an alternating locate-allocate heuristic and the neutrosophic compromise programming to obtain the non-dominated solution. Additionally, the performance of our findings are evaluated by an application example. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is incorporated to explore the resiliency of the designed model. Finally, conclusions and further research areas conclude the paper.